Datasets:

lighteval
/

mmlu

question string	choices list	answer class label
Davis decided to kill Adams. He set out for Adams's house. Before he got there he saw Brooks, who resembled Adams. Thinking that Brooks was Adams, Davis shot at Brooks. The shot missed Brooks but wounded Case, who was some distance away. Davis had not seen Case. In a prosecution under a statute that proscribes any atte...	[ "Adams only.", "Brooks only.", "Case only.", "Adams and Brooks" ]	1B
A state statute requires any person licensed to sell prescription drugs to file with the State Board of Health a report listing the types and amounts of such drugs sold if his or her sales of such drugs exceed $50,000 during a calendar year. The statute makes it a misdemeanor to "knowingly fail to file" such a report. ...	[ "guilty, because this is a public welfare offense. ", "guilty, because he cannot be excused on the basis of his own failure to keep proper records. ", "not guilty, because the statute punishes omissions and he was not given fair warning of his duty to act. ", "not guilty, because he was not aware of the value...	3D
Lender met Borrower on the street, demanded that Borrower pay a debt owed to Lender, and threatened to punch Borrower in the nose. A fight ensued between them. Mann came upon the scene just as Lender was about to kick Borrower in the head. Noting that Lender was getting the better of the fight, Mann pointed a gun at Le...	[ "Yes, because Mann threatened to use deadly force. ", "Yes, unless Mann was related to Borrower. ", "No, if it was apparent that Lender was about to inflict serious bodily harm upon Borrower. ", "No, because Lender was the original aggressor by threatening Borrower with a battery" ]	2C
Peter sued Don for breach of contract. The court admitted testimony by Peter that Don and his wife quarreled frequently, a fact of no consequence to the lawsuit. Don seeks to testify in response that he and his wife never quarreled. The court	[ "must permit Don to answer if he had objected to Peter's testimony.", "may permit Don to answer, whether or not he had objected to Peter's testimony. ", "may permit Don to answer only if he had objected to Peter's testimony.", "cannot permit Don to answer, whether or not he had objected to Peter's testimony" ...	1B
Ames had painted Bell's house under a contract which called for payment of $2,000. Bell, contending in good faith that the porch had not been painted properly, refused to pay anything. On June 15, Ames mailed a letter to Bell stating, "I am in serious need of money. Please send the $2,000 to me before July 1." On June ...	[ "partial breach of contract only if Ames had properly or substantially painted the porch.", "partial breach of contract whether or not Ames had properly or substantially painted the porch.", "total breach of contract only if Ames had properly or substantially painted the porch.", "total breach of contract whe...	2C
Ames had painted Bell's house under a contract which called for payment of $2,000. Bell, contending in good faith that the porch had not been painted properly, refused to pay anything. On June 15, Ames mailed a letter to Bell stating, "I am in serious need of money. Please send the $2,000 to me before July 1." On June ...	[ "succeed if he can prove that he had painted the porch according to specifications.", "succeed, because he cashed the check under economic duress. ", "not succeed, because he cashed the check without objection. ", "not succeed, because he is entitled to recover only the reasonable value of his services" ]	2C
Ames had painted Bell's house under a contract which called for payment of $2,000. Bell, contending in good faith that the porch had not been painted properly, refused to pay anything. On June 15, Ames mailed a letter to Bell stating, "I am in serious need of money. Please send the $2,000 to me before July 1." On June ...	[ "succeed, because by cashing the check Ames impliedly promised to repaint the porch. ", "succeed, because Ames accepted Bell's offer by not replying to the letter of June 18. ", "not succeed, because Bell's letter of June 18 was a counteroffer which Ames never accepted. ", "not succeed, because there is no co...	0A
The State of Aurora requires licenses of persons "who are engaged in the trade of barbering." It will grant such licenses only to those who are graduates of barber schools located in Aurora, who have resided in the state for two years, and who are citizens of the United States. The requirement that candidates for licen...	[ "unconstitutional as an undue burden on interstate commerce.", "unconstitutional as a violation of the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.", "constitutional, because the state does not know the quality of out-of-state barber schools. ", "constitutional, because barbering is a privile...	0A
The State of Aurora requires licenses of persons "who are engaged in the trade of barbering." It will grant such licenses only to those who are graduates of barber schools located in Aurora, who have resided in the state for two years, and who are citizens of the United States. The requirement that candidates for licen...	[ "constitutional as an effort to ensure that barbers speak English adequately.", "constitutional as an exercise of the state police power.", "unconstitutional as a bill of attainder.", "unconstitutional as a denial of equal protection" ]	3D
The State of Aurora requires licenses of persons "who are engaged in the trade of barbering." It will grant such licenses only to those who are graduates of barber schools located in Aurora, who have resided in the state for two years, and who are citizens of the United States. Assume that a resident of the state of Au...	[ "dismissed, because there is no diversity of citizenship. ", "dismissed, because of the abstention doctrine. ", "decided on the merits, because federal jurisdiction extends to controversies between two states. ", "decided on the merits, because a federal question is involved" ]	3D
The State of Aurora requires licenses of persons "who are engaged in the trade of barbering." It will grant such licenses only to those who are graduates of barber schools located in Aurora, who have resided in the state for two years, and who are citizens of the United States. Which of the following is the strongest g...	[ "The privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment", "The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment", "The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment", "The obligation of contracts claus" ]	2C
John was fired from his job. Too proud to apply for unemployment benefits, he used his savings to feed his family. When one of his children became ill, he did not seek medical attention for the child at a state clinic because he did not want to accept what he regarded as charity. Eventually, weakened by malnutrition, t...	[ "murder.", "involuntary manslaughter.", "voluntary manslaughter.", "no form of criminal homicide" ]	1B
Professor Merrill, in a lecture in her psychology course at a private university, described an experiment in which a group of college students in a neighboring city rushed out and washed cars stopped at traffic lights during the rush hour. She described how people reacted differently with shock, joy, and surprise. At...	[ "assault.", "negligence.", "invasion of privacy.", "false imprisonment" ]	0A
Professor Merrill, in a lecture in her psychology course at a private university, described an experiment in which a group of college students in a neighboring city rushed out and washed cars stopped at traffic lights during the rush hour. She described how people reacted differently with shock, joy, and surprise. At...	[ "Yes, if the students would not have performed the experiment but for Merrill's lecture. ", "Yes, if Carr's claim against the students is based on negligence. ", "No, because the students were not Merrill's employees. ", "No, because Merrill did not authorize the car wash as a class project" ]	3D
Oxnard owned Goldacre, a tract of land, in fee simple. At a time when Goldacre was in the adverse possession of Amos, Eric obtained the oral permission of Oxnard to use a portion of Goldacre as a road or driveway to reach adjoining land, Twin Pines, which Eric owned in fee simple. Thereafter, during all times relevant ...	[ "win, because his use was adverse to Amos and once adverse it continued adverse until some affirmative showing of a change. ", "win, because Eric made no attempt to renew permission after Amos quit possession of Goldacre. ", "lose, because his use was with permission. ", "lose, because there is no evidence th...	2C
Mary Webb, a physician called as a witness by the defendant in the case of Parr v. Doan, was asked to testify to statements made by Michael Zadok, her patient, for the purpose of obtaining treatment from Dr. Webb. Which of the following is the best basis for excluding evidence of Zadok's statements in a jurisdiction wi...	[ "An objection by Dr. Webb asserting her privilege against disclosure of confidential communications made by a patient.", "An objection by Parr's attorney on the grounds of the doctor-patient privilege.", "A finding by the trial judge that Zadok had left the office without actually receiving treatment.", "The ...	3D
A leading question is LEAST likely to be permitted over objection when	[ "asked on cross-examination of an expert witness.", "asked on direct examination of a young child.", "asked on direct examination of a disinterested eyewitness.", "related to preliminary matters such as the name or occupation of the witness" ]	2C
Roofer entered into a written contract with Orissa to repair the roof of Orissa's home, the repairs to be done "in a workmanlike manner." Roofer completed the repairs and took all of his equipment away, with the exception of a 20-foot extension ladder, which was left against the side of the house. He intended to come b...	[ "prevail, because by leaving the ladder, Roofer became a trespasser on Orissa's property. ", "prevail, because by leaving the ladder, Roofer created the risk that a person might unlawfully enter the house. ", "not prevail, because the act of the thief was a superseding cause. ", "not prevail, because Orissa's...	1B
Homer and Purcell entered into a valid, enforceable written contract by which Homer agreed to sell and Purcell agreed to purchase Blackacre, which was Homer's residence. One of the contract provisions was that after closing, Homer had the right to remain in residence at Blackacre for up to 30 days before delivering pos...	[ "trespasser ab initio.", "licensee.", "tenant at sufferance.", "tenant from month to month" ]	1B
Albert engaged Bertha, an inexperienced actress, to do a small role in a new Broadway play for a period of six months at a salary of $200 a week. Bertha turned down another role in order to accept this engagement. On the third day of the run, Bertha was hospitalized with influenza and Helen was hired to do the part. A ...	[ "Her acting contract with Albert was legally severable into weekly units.", "Her performance of the literal terms of the contract was physically impossible.", "Her reliance on the engagement with Albert by declining another acting role created an estoppel against Albert.", "Her failure to perform for one week...	3D
Albert engaged Bertha, an inexperienced actress, to do a small role in a new Broadway play for a period of six months at a salary of $200 a week. Bertha turned down another role in order to accept this engagement. On the third day of the run, Bertha was hospitalized with influenza and Helen was hired to do the part. A ...	[ "Albert could not find any substitute except Helen, who demanded a contract for a minimum of six months if she was to perform at all. ", "Helen, by general acclaim, was much better in the role than Bertha had been. 7 ", "Albert had offered Bertha a position as Helen's understudy at a salary of $100 a week, whic...	0A
Lawyers Abel and Baker are the members of the law partnership of Abel and Baker in a small town that has only one other lawyer in it. Abel and Baker do a substantial amount of personal injury work. Client was severely and permanently injured in an automobile collision when struck by an automobile driven by Motorist. Cl...	[ "must have a legal expert from the same locality testify that defendants' conduct was a breach.", "must have a legal expert from the same state testify that defendants' conduct was a breach.", "can rely on the application of the jurors' common knowledge as to whether there was a breach.", "can rely on the jud...	2C
Lawyers Abel and Baker are the members of the law partnership of Abel and Baker in a small town that has only one other lawyer in it. Abel and Baker do a substantial amount of personal injury work. Client was severely and permanently injured in an automobile collision when struck by an automobile driven by Motorist. Cl...	[ "would have, but for her lawyers' negligence, recovered from Motorist. ", "had a good faith claim against Motorist that was lost by her lawyers' negligence.", "was severely and permanently injured when struck by Motorist's automobile.", "did not negligently contribute to the failure to have the complaint file...	0A
A state statute divides murder into degrees. First-degree murder is defined as murder with premeditation and deliberation or a homicide in the commission of arson, rape, robbery, burglary, or kidnapping. Second-degree murder is all other murder at common law. In which of the following situations is Defendant most likel...	[ "Immediately after being insulted by Robert, Defendant takes a knife and stabs and kills Robert. ", "Angered over having been struck by Sam, Defendant buys rat poison and puts it into Sam's coffee. Sam drinks the coffee and dies as a result. ", "Intending to injure Fred, Defendant lies in wait and, as Fred come...	1B
On a camping trip in a state park, Rose discovered, near a rubbish heap, metal signs reading, "Natural Wildlife Area No Hunting." She took two of the signs and used them to decorate her room at home. She is charged with violation of a state statute which provides, "Any person who appropriates to his own use property ...	[ "guilty, because this is a public welfare offense. ", "guilty, because she should have inquired whether the signs had been abandoned. ", "not guilty if the jury finds that she honestly believed the signs had been abandoned.", "not guilty unless the jury finds that the state had taken adequate steps to inform ...	2C
Ted frequently visited Janet, his next-door neighbor. Janet was separated from her husband, Howard. Howard resided with his mother but jointly owned the house in which Janet resided. Late one night, Ted and Janet were sitting on the bed in Janet's bedroom drinking when Howard burst through the door and told Ted, "Get o...	[ "not guilty, because Ted had as much right as Howard to be in the house. ", "not guilty, because Howard attacked Ted with a deadly weapon. ", "guilty, because Ted's presence in Janet's bedroom prompted Howard's attack. ", "guilty, because Ted's failure to obey Howard's order to leave the house made him a tres...	1B
In 1970, Oscar, owner of a 100-acre tract, prepared and duly recorded a subdivision plan called Happy Acres. The plan showed 90 one-acre lots and a tenacre tract in the center that was designated "Future Public School." Oscar published and distributed a brochure promoting Happy Acres which emphasized the proximity of t...	[ "Sarah has an equitable servitude concerning the use of the tract.", "Sarah, as a taxpayer, has legal interest in the use of the tract. ", "Sarah is a creditor beneficiary of Oscar's promise with respect to the tract.", "Pete is not a bona fide purchaser" ]	0A
In 1970, Oscar, owner of a 100-acre tract, prepared and duly recorded a subdivision plan called Happy Acres. The plan showed 90 one-acre lots and a tenacre tract in the center that was designated "Future Public School." Oscar published and distributed a brochure promoting Happy Acres which emphasized the proximity of t...	[ "Sarah, because the restrictive covenant in her deed runs with the land. ", "Sarah, because the presence of the mobile home may adversely affect the market value of her land. ", "Joe, because his deed did not contain the restrictive covenant. ", "Joe, because he is not a direct but a remote grantee of Oscar" ...	0A
In 1970, Oscar, owner of a 100-acre tract, prepared and duly recorded a subdivision plan called Happy Acres. The plan showed 90 one-acre lots and a tenacre tract in the center that was designated "Future Public School." Oscar published and distributed a brochure promoting Happy Acres which emphasized the proximity of t...	[ "Pete, because the school board has been guilty of laches. ", "Pete, because his deed did not refer to the subdivision plan. ", "the school board, because Pete had constructive notice of the proposed use of the tract. ", "the school board, because there has been a dedication and acceptance of the tract." ]	3D
House owns his home in City. On the lawn in front of his home and within five feet of the public sidewalk there was a large tree. The roots of the tree caused the sidewalk to buckle severely and become dangerous. An ordinance of City requires adjacent landowners to keep sidewalks in safe condition. House engaged Contra...	[ "strictly liable, because the tree was on his property. ", "liable for Contractor's negligence if, to House's knowledge, Contractor was engaged in hazardous activity. ", "liable, because he assumed responsibility when he paid Contractor for the repair. ", "liable on the basis of respondeat superior" ]	1B
House owns his home in City. On the lawn in front of his home and within five feet of the public sidewalk there was a large tree. The roots of the tree caused the sidewalk to buckle severely and become dangerous. An ordinance of City requires adjacent landowners to keep sidewalks in safe condition. House engaged Contra...	[ "the tree was on the property of House.", "he repaired the sidewalk at the direction of House.", "he could not reasonably foresee that the tree would fall.", "he was relieved of liability when House paid for the repair" ]	2C
House owns his home in City. On the lawn in front of his home and within five feet of the public sidewalk there was a large tree. The roots of the tree caused the sidewalk to buckle severely and become dangerous. An ordinance of City requires adjacent landowners to keep sidewalks in safe condition. House engaged Contra...	[ "No, if payment by House was an acceptance of the work. ", "No, because House selected Contractor to do the work. ", "Yes, if the judgment against House was based on vicarious liability. ", "Yes, because House's conduct was not a factual cause of the harm." ]	2C
The State of Rio Grande entered into a contract with Roads, Inc., for construction of a fourlane turnpike. Prior to commencement of construction, the legislature, in order to provide funds for parks, repealed the statute authorizing the turnpike and cancelled the agreement with Roads, Inc. Roads, Inc., sued the state t...	[ "valid, because constitutionally the sovereign is not liable except with its own consent. ", "valid, because the legislature is vested with constitutional authority to repeal laws it has enacted. ", "invalid, because a state is equitably estopped to disclaim a valid bid once accepted by it. ", "invalid, becau...	3D
The strongest constitutional basis for the enactment of a federal statute requiring colleges and universities receiving federal funds to offer student aid solely on the basis of need is the	[ "police power.", "war and defense power.", "power to tax and spend for the general welfare.", "power to enforce the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." ]	2C
In 1930, Owens, the owner in fee simple of Barrenacres, a large, undeveloped tract of land, granted an easement to the Water District "to install, inspect, repair, maintain, and replace pipes" within a properly delineated strip of land 20 feet wide across Barrenacres. The easement permitted the Water District to enter ...	[ "succeed, because Peterson's deed from Owens did not mention the easement. ", "succeed, because more than 40 years have passed since the Water District last entered Barrenacres. ", "fail, because the Water District's plan is within its rights. 11 ", "fail, because the Water District's plan is fair and equitab...	2C
In 1930, Owens, the owner in fee simple of Barrenacres, a large, undeveloped tract of land, granted an easement to the Water District "to install, inspect, repair, maintain, and replace pipes" within a properly delineated strip of land 20 feet wide across Barrenacres. The easement permitted the Water District to enter ...	[ "succeed, because his deed from Owens did not mention the easement. ", "succeed, because of an implied obligation imposed on the Water District to restore the surface to its condition prior to entry. ", "fail, because of the public interest in maintaining a continuous water supply. ", "fail, because the Water...	3D
In 1960, Omar, the owner in fee simple absolute, conveyed Stoneacre, a five-acre tract of land. The relevant, operative words of the deed conveyed to "Church [a duly organized religious body having power to hold property] for the life of my son, Carl, and from and after the death of my said son, Carl, to all of my gran...	[ "The plaintiffs should succeed, because the interest of Church terminated with the first removal of sand and gravel ", "Church and Darin should be enjoined, and damages should be recovered but impounded for future distribution. ", "The injunction should be granted, but damages should be denied, because Omar and...	1B
In which of the following cases is a conviction of the named defendant for robbery LEAST likely to be upheld?	[ "Johnson forced his way into a woman's home, bound her, and compelled her to tell him that her jewelry was in an adjoining room. Johnson went to the room, took the jewelry, and fled. ", "A confederate of Brown pushed a man in order to cause him to lose his balance and drop his briefcase. Brown picked up the brief...	3D
Green is cited for contempt of the House of Representatives after she refuses to answer certain questions posed by a House Committee concerning her acts while serving as a United States Ambassador. A federal statute authorizes the Attorney General to prosecute contempts of Congress. Pursuant to this law, the House dire...	[ "Illegal, because the Attorney General must prosecute if the House of Representatives directs. ", "Illegal, because the Attorney General must prosecute those who violate federal law. ", "Legal, because ambassadors are immune from prosecution for acts committed in the course of their duties. ", "Legal, becaus...	3D
Green is cited for contempt of the House of Representatives after she refuses to answer certain questions posed by a House Committee concerning her acts while serving as a United States Ambassador. A federal statute authorizes the Attorney General to prosecute contempts of Congress. Pursuant to this law, the House dire...	[ "Green may refuse to answer the questions if she can demonstrate that they are unrelated to matters upon which Congress may legislate.", "the House may question Green on matters pertaining to the expenditures of funds appropriated by Congress.", "only the Senate may question Green on matters that relate to the ...	0A
Harry met Bill, who was known to him to be a burglar, in a bar. Harry told Bill that he needed money. He promised to pay Bill $500 if Bill would go to Harry's house the following night and take some silverware. Harry explained to Bill that, although the silverware was legally his, his wife would object to his selling i...	[ "there was no breaking", "he consented to the entry.", "no overt act was committed by him.", "there was no intent to commit a felony." ]	3D
Harry met Bill, who was known to him to be a burglar, in a bar. Harry told Bill that he needed money. He promised to pay Bill $500 if Bill would go to Harry's house the following night and take some silverware. Harry explained to Bill that, although the silverware was legally his, his wife would object to his selling i...	[ "acted under a mistake of law.", "had the consent of the owner.", "reasonably thought he was in Harry's house.", "found the window unlocked" ]	2C
Harry met Bill, who was known to him to be a burglar, in a bar. Harry told Bill that he needed money. He promised to pay Bill $500 if Bill would go to Harry's house the following night and take some silverware. Harry explained to Bill that, although the silverware was legally his, his wife would object to his selling i...	[ "Bill was the alter ego of Harry.", "they did not intend to commit burglary.", "there was no overt act.", "there was no agreemen" ]	1B
Penn sued Duke's Bar for injuries suffered in an automobile accident caused by Chase, who had been a patron of Duke's Bar. Penn claimed that Chase was permitted to drink too much liquor at Duke's Bar before the accidentWood, a patron of Duke's Bar, testified that on the night of the accident Chase was drunk. Wood then ...	[ "admissible as an excited utterance.", "admissible as a prior consistent statement.", "admissible as a statement by Wood regarding a condition he observed, made while he was observing it. ", "inadmissible if there was no evidence that Wood had expertise in determining drunkenness." ]	2C
Penn sued Duke's Bar for injuries suffered in an automobile accident caused by Chase, who had been a patron of Duke's Bar. Penn claimed that Chase was permitted to drink too much liquor at Duke's Bar before the accidentDuke's Bar called Chase to testify and expected him to say that he was sober when he left Duke's Bar;...	[ "It may be used only to refresh Chase's recollection.", "It is admissible for impeachment and as substantive evidence that Chase was sober.", "It is inadmissible, because Duke's Bar cannot impeach its own witness. ", "It is inadmissible, because it is hearsay, not within any exception" ]	1B
Penn sued Duke's Bar for injuries suffered in an automobile accident caused by Chase, who had been a patron of Duke's Bar. Penn claimed that Chase was permitted to drink too much liquor at Duke's Bar before the accidentPenn offered evidence that, after the accident, the manager of Duke's Bar established house rules lim...	[ "admissible to show that the prior conduct of Duke's Bar was negligent.", "admissible to show that Duke's Bar was aware of the need for taking precautionary measures.", "inadmissible, because subsequent measures by an employee are not binding on Duke's Bar. ", "inadmissible, because its admission would discou...	3D
Penn sued Duke's Bar for injuries suffered in an automobile accident caused by Chase, who had been a patron of Duke's Bar. Penn claimed that Chase was permitted to drink too much liquor at Duke's Bar before the accidentPenn offered evidence that, after the accident, the owner of Duke's Bar visited him at the hospital a...	[ "admissible as an admission by the owner of Duke's Bar that Chase was drunk when he left the bar.", "admissible as a factual admission made in connection with an offer of compromise.", "inadmissible as hearsay, not within any exception ", "inadmissible as a statement made in connection with an offer to pay me...	0A
In a narcotics conspiracy prosecution against Daly, the prosecutor offers in evidence a tape recording of a telephone call allegedly made by Daly. A lay witness is called to testify that the voice on the recording is Daly's. Her testimony to which of the following would be the LEAST sufficient basis for admitting the r...	[ "She had heard the same voice on a similar tape recording identified to her by Daly's brother.", "She had heard Daly speak many times, but never over the telephone. ", "She had, specifically for the purpose of preparing to testify, talked with Daly over the telephone at a time after the recording was made. ", ...	0A
Devlin was the owner of a large subdivision. Parnell became interested in purchasing a lot but could not decide between Lot 40 and Lot 41. The price and fair market value of each of those two lots was $5,000. Parnell paid Devlin $5,000, which Devlin accepted, and Devlin delivered to Parnell a deed which was properly ex...	[ "Devlin's casual business practices created his loss.", "the need for certainty in land title records controls.", "the agency implied to complete the deed cannot be restricted by the oral understanding.", "the recording of the deed precludes any questioning of its provisions in its recorded form." ]	2C
Devlin was the owner of a large subdivision. Parnell became interested in purchasing a lot but could not decide between Lot 40 and Lot 41. The price and fair market value of each of those two lots was $5,000. Parnell paid Devlin $5,000, which Devlin accepted, and Devlin delivered to Parnell a deed which was properly ex...	[ "the Statute of Frauds prevents the introduction of any evidence of Devlin's and Parnell's agreement", "recording of the deed from Devlin to Parnell precludes any question of its genuineness.", "as between Devlin and a bona fide purchaser, Devlin is estopped. ", "the clean hands doctrine bars Devlin from reli...	2C
Ohner owns the Acme Hotel. When the International Order of Badgers came to town for its convention, its members rented 400 of the 500 rooms, and the hotel opened its convention facilities to them. Badgers are a rowdy group, and during their convention they littered both the inside and the outside of the hotel with debr...	[ "Yes, because a property owner is strictly liable for acts on his premises if such acts cause harm to persons using the adjacent public sidewalks. ", "Yes, if the person who threw the ashtray cannot be identified. ", "No, because Ohner had no personal knowledge of the conduct of the hotel guests. ", "No, if t...	3D
While negligently driving his father's uninsured automobile, 25-year-old Arthur crashed into an automobile driven by Betty. Both Arthur and Betty were injured. Charles, Arthur's father, erroneously believing that he was liable because he owned the automobile, said to Betty, "I will see to it that you are reimbursed for...	[ "Lack of consideration", "Mistake of fact as to basic assumption", "Statute of Frauds", "Indefiniteness of Charles's promis" ]	0A
While negligently driving his father's uninsured automobile, 25-year-old Arthur crashed into an automobile driven by Betty. Both Arthur and Betty were injured. Charles, Arthur's father, erroneously believing that he was liable because he owned the automobile, said to Betty, "I will see to it that you are reimbursed for...	[ "I only", "II only", "Both I and II", "Neither I nor I" ]	2C
While negligently driving his father's uninsured automobile, 25-year-old Arthur crashed into an automobile driven by Betty. Both Arthur and Betty were injured. Charles, Arthur's father, erroneously believing that he was liable because he owned the automobile, said to Betty, "I will see to it that you are reimbursed for...	[ "I only", "I and II only", "II and III only", "Neither I nor II nor II" ]	3D
While negligently driving his father's uninsured automobile, 25-year-old Arthur crashed into an automobile driven by Betty. Both Arthur and Betty were injured. Charles, Arthur's father, erroneously believing that he was liable because he owned the automobile, said to Betty, "I will see to it that you are reimbursed for...	[ "Yes, because Dodge had detrimentally relied on Charles's promise. ", "Yes, because Charles's promise was supported by a bargained-for exchange. ", "No, because Dodge's claim against Arthur's estate was worthless. ", "No, because Charles at most had only a moral obligation to pay Arthur's debts" ]	1B
While negligently driving his father's uninsured automobile, 25-year-old Arthur crashed into an automobile driven by Betty. Both Arthur and Betty were injured. Charles, Arthur's father, erroneously believing that he was liable because he owned the automobile, said to Betty, "I will see to it that you are reimbursed for...	[ "Yes, because Arthur's debt of $200 was liquidated and undisputed. ", "Yes, because Dodge honestly believed that he had a legal right against Charles for the full $200. ", "No, because Charles honestly believed that Dodge did not have a legal right against him for the $200. ", "No, because Charles was not con...	2C
Until 1954, the state of New Atlantic required segregation in all public and private schools, but all public schools are now desegregated. Other state laws, enacted before 1954 and continuing to the present, provide for free distribution of the same textbooks on secular subjects to students in all public and private sc...	[ "No legitimate educational function is served by the free distribution of textbooks.", "The state may not in any way aid private schools.", "The Constitution forbids private bias of any kind.", "Segregation is furthered by the distribution of textbooks to these students." ]	3D
Until 1954, the state of New Atlantic required segregation in all public and private schools, but all public schools are now desegregated. Other state laws, enacted before 1954 and continuing to the present, provide for free distribution of the same textbooks on secular subjects to students in all public and private sc...	[ "Private religious schools, like public nonsectarian schools, fulfill an important educational function. ", "Religious instruction in private schools is not constitutionally objectionable.", "The purpose and effect of the free distribution of these textbooks is secular and does not entangle church and state.", ...	2C
Defendant is charged with assault and battery. The state's evidence shows that Victim was struck in the face by Defendant's fist. In which of the following situations is Defendant most likely to be not guilty of assault and battery?	[ "Defendant had been hypnotized at a party and ordered by the hypnotist to strike the person he disliked the most.", "Defendant was suffering from an epileptic seizure and had no control over his motions.", "Defendant was heavily intoxicated and was shadowboxing without realizing that Victim was near him.", "D...	1B
Leader is a labor leader in Metropolis. Ten years ago he was divorced. Both he and his first wife 16 have since married other persons. Recently, News, a newspaper in another city, ran a feature article on improper influences it asserted had been used by labor officials to secure favorable rulings from government offici...	[ "prevail, because the story concerned her personal, private life. ", "prevail if the story was false.", "not prevail, because News did not print the story with knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard for its truth or falsity. ", "not prevail if News exercised ordinary care in determining if the st...	3D
In 1976, Utility constructed a new plant for the generation of electricity. The plant burns lignite, a low-grade fuel which is available in large quantities. Although the plant was constructed in accordance with the best practicable technology, the plant emits a substantial quantity of invisible fumes. The only way Uti...	[ "No, because there is no practicable way for Utility to reduce the fumes. ", "No, because Utility's acts constituted a public nuisance. ", "Yes, because Farmer's personal injuries were within the scope of the liability imposed on Utility. ", "Yes, because the generation of electricity is an ultrahazardous act...	2C
In 1976, Utility constructed a new plant for the generation of electricity. The plant burns lignite, a low-grade fuel which is available in large quantities. Although the plant was constructed in accordance with the best practicable technology, the plant emits a substantial quantity of invisible fumes. The only way Uti...	[ "No, because Utility was not negligent. ", "No as to 1976 crop damage, because Farmer did not mitigate damages by selling his farm in 1975. ", "Yes as to 20 percent of his crop damage, because use of available equipment would have reduced the fumes by 20 percent. ", "Yes, because operation of the plant consti...	0A
On March 1, Computer Programs, Inc. (CP) orally agreed with Holiday Department Store (HDS) to write a set of programs for HDS's computer and to coordinate the programs with HDS's billing methods. A subsequent memo, signed by both parties, provided in its entirety: HDS will pay CP $20,000 in two equal installments withi...	[ "the parol evidence rule does not bar the introduction of evidence for the purpose of interpreting a written agreement.", "the memorandum was not a completely integrated agreement.", "HDS detrimentally relied on the oral promise of coordination in signing the memorandum", "the memorandum was not a partially i...	1B
On March 1, Computer Programs, Inc. (CP) orally agreed with Holiday Department Store (HDS) to write a set of programs for HDS's computer and to coordinate the programs with HDS's billing methods. A subsequent memo, signed by both parties, provided in its entirety: HDS will pay CP $20,000 in two equal installments withi...	[ "Yes, because June 6 was within one month of completion. ", "Yes, because CP had done one-half the job. ", "No, because of a constructive condition precedent requiring at least substantial completion of the work before HDS would have a duty to pay ", "No, because \"within one month of completion\" would, in t...	3D
On March 1, Computer Programs, Inc. (CP) orally agreed with Holiday Department Store (HDS) to write a set of programs for HDS's computer and to coordinate the programs with HDS's billing methods. A subsequent memo, signed by both parties, provided in its entirety: HDS will pay CP $20,000 in two equal installments withi...	[ "Yes, because it was the compromise of an honest dispute. ", "Yes, because the Statute of Frauds does not apply to subsequent oral modifications. ", "No, because it was oral ", "No, because it was not supported by consideration." ]	0A
On March 1, Computer Programs, Inc. (CP) orally agreed with Holiday Department Store (HDS) to write a set of programs for HDS's computer and to coordinate the programs with HDS's billing methods. A subsequent memo, signed by both parties, provided in its entirety: HDS will pay CP $20,000 in two equal installments withi...	[ "Yes, because \"CP to complete by July 1\" is an express condition. ", "Yes, because the doctrine of substantial performance does not apply to commercial contracts. ", "No, because both parties manifested an understanding that time was not of the essence. ", "No, because the contract did not contain a liquida...	2C
On March 1, Computer Programs, Inc. (CP) orally agreed with Holiday Department Store (HDS) to write a set of programs for HDS's computer and to coordinate the programs with HDS's billing methods. A subsequent memo, signed by both parties, provided in its entirety: HDS will pay CP $20,000 in two equal installments withi...	[ "Yes, because CP had substantially performed. ", "Yes, because the program would save HDS $12,000 a year. ", "No, because shortening the processing time by one-half was an express condition subsequent. ", "No, because HDS's computer systems manager did not certify satisfactory completion of the programs" ]	3D
On March 1, Computer Programs, Inc. (CP) orally agreed with Holiday Department Store (HDS) to write a set of programs for HDS's computer and to coordinate the programs with HDS's billing methods. A subsequent memo, signed by both parties, provided in its entirety: HDS will pay CP $20,000 in two equal installments withi...	[ "Yes, because continued use of the programs by HDS would save at least $12,000 a year. ", "Yes, because HDS was continuing to use programs created by CP for which, as HDS knew, CP expected to be paid. ", "No, because failure of an express condition precedent excused HDS from any duty to compensate CP. ", "No,...	1B
Police Officer stopped Dexter for speeding late one night. Noting that Dexter was nervous, Police Officer ordered him from the car and placed him under arrest for speeding. By state law, Police Officer was empowered to arrest Dexter and take him to the nearest police station for booking. Police Officer searched Dexter'...	[ "denied, because the search was incident to a valid custodial arrest. ", "denied, because Police Officer acted under a reasonable suspicion and legitimate concern for his own personal safety. ", "granted, because there was no reasonable or proper basis upon which to justify conducting the search. ", "granted ...	0A
Donna was arrested and taken to police headquarters, where she was given her Miranda warnings. Donna indicated that she wished to telephone her lawyer and was told that she could do so after her fingerprints had been taken. While being fingerprinted, however, Donna blurted out, "Paying a lawyer is a waste of money beca...	[ "granted, because Donna's request to contact her attorney by telephone was reasonable and should have been granted immediately. ", "granted, because of the \"fruit of the poisonous tree\" doctrine. ", "denied, because the statements were volunteered and not the result of interrogation. ", "denied, because fin...	2C
Barnes was hired as an assistant professor of mathematics at Reardon State College and is now in his third consecutive one-year contract. Under state law, he cannot acquire tenure until after five consecutive annual contracts. In his third year, Barnes was notified that he was not being rehired for the following year. ...	[ "There is no evidence that tenured teachers are any more qualified than he is.", "He leased a home in reliance on an oral promise of reemployment by the college president.", "He was the only teacher at the college whose contract was not renewed that year.", "In the expectation of remaining at the college, he ...	1B
Barnes was hired as an assistant professor of mathematics at Reardon State College and is now in his third consecutive one-year contract. Under state law, he cannot acquire tenure until after five consecutive annual contracts. In his third year, Barnes was notified that he was not being rehired for the following year. ...	[ "Barnes' academic performance had been substandard. 19", "A speech he made that was critical of administration policies violated a college regulation concerning teacher behavior.", "Barnes worked at the college for less than five years.", "Barnes could be replaced with a more competent teacher" ]	2C
National regulation of predatory wild animals on federal lands is most likely	[ "constitutional, because the protection of wild animals is important to the general welfare. ", "constitutional, because Congress has authority to make regulations respecting federal property. ", "unconstitutional, because wild animals as defined by state common law are not federal property. ", "unconstitutio...	1B
By her validly executed will, Sallie devised a certain tract of land to her son, Ben, for his life with remainder to such of Ben's children as should be living at his death, "Provided, however, that no such child of Ben shall mortgage or sell, or attempt to mortgage or sell, his or her interest in the property prior to...	[ "the attempted gifts to grandchildren are void under the Rule Against Perpetuities.", "the attempted gifts to grandchildren are void as unlawful restraints on alienation.", "the provisions concerning grandchildren are valid and will be upheld according to their terms.", "even if the provisions against sale or...	3D
Seth was an elderly widower who lived alone on a small farm which he owned. Except for the farm, including the house and its furnishings, and the usual items of personal clothing and similar things, Seth owned substantially no property. Under proper management, the farm was capable of producing an adequate family incom...	[ "the land is located in a state where the Statute of Frauds will not be applied if there has been such part performance as will result in an irreparable hardship if the contract is not performed.", "the land is located in a state where the Statute of Frauds will not be applied if there has been part performance t...	0A
The following events took place in a state that does not recognize common law marriage. The state does recognize the common law estate of tenancy by the entirety and has no statute on the subject. Wade Sloan and Mary Isaacs, who were never formally married, lived together over a sevenyear period. During this time Mary ...	[ "denied, because a tenant by the entirety has no right to partition ", "denied, because Wade has absolute title to the property. ", "granted, because the tenancy by the entirety that was created by the deed was severed when Wade abandoned Mary. ", "granted, because the estate created by the deed was not a ten...	3D
Sand Company operated an installation for distributing sand and gravel. The installation was adjacent to a residential area. On Sand's grounds there was a chute with polished metal sides for loading sand and gravel into trucks. The trucks being loaded stopped on the public street below the chute. After closing hours, a...	[ "Yes, if Sand could have effectively secured the chute at moderate cost. ", "Yes, because Sand is strictly liable for harm resulting from an artificial condition on its property. ", "No, if Commuter had the last clear chance to avoid the injury. ", "No, because Ladd was a trespasser" ]	0A
Sand Company operated an installation for distributing sand and gravel. The installation was adjacent to a residential area. On Sand's grounds there was a chute with polished metal sides for loading sand and gravel into trucks. The trucks being loaded stopped on the public street below the chute. After closing hours, a...	[ "her conduct was not the cause in fact of the harm.", "she used reasonable care in the maintenance of her brakes.", "she could not reasonably foresee Ladd's presence in the street.", "she did not act willfully and wantonl" ]	1B
Driving down a dark road, Defendant accidentally ran over a man. Defendant stopped and found that the victim was dead. Defendant, fearing that he might be held responsible, took the victim's wallet, which contained a substantial amount of money. He removed the identification papers and put the wallet and money back int...	[ "larceny, because he took the papers only to prevent identification and not for his own use. ", "larceny, because he did not take anything from a living victim. ", "robbery, because he did not take the papers by means of force or putting in fear. ", "robbery, because he did not take anything of monetary valu"...	2C
Al and Bill are identical twins. Al, angry at David, said, "You'd better stay out of my way. The next time I find you around here, I'll beat you up." Two days later, while in the neighborhood, David saw Bill coming toward him. As Bill came up to David, Bill raised his hand. Thinking Bill was Al and fearing bodily harm,...	[ "not prevail, because Bill was not an aggressor. ", "not prevail unless Bill intended his gesture as a threat.", "prevail if David honestly believed that Bill would attack him.", "prevail only if a reasonable person under the circumstances would have believed that Bill would attack him" ]	3D
Section 1 of the Vehicle Code of State makes it illegal to cross a street in a central business district other than at a designated crosswalk. Section 2 of the Code prohibits parking any motor vehicle so that it blocks any part of a designated crosswalk. Ped wanted to cross Main Street in the central business district ...	[ "It is not relevant in determining the right of Ped.", "It may be considered by the trier of fact on the issue of Driver's liability.", "It will bar Ped's recovery unless Driver saw Ped in time to avoid the impact.", "It will bar Ped's recovery as a matter of law" ]	1B
Section 1 of the Vehicle Code of State makes it illegal to cross a street in a central business district other than at a designated crosswalk. Section 2 of the Code prohibits parking any motor vehicle so that it blocks any part of a designated crosswalk. Ped wanted to cross Main Street in the central business district ...	[ "prevail, because Trucker's violation of a state statute makes him strictly liable for all injuries caused thereby. ", "prevail, because the probable purpose of Section 2 of the Vehicle Code of State was to safeguard pedestrians in using crosswalks. ", "not prevail, because Ped assumed the risk of injury when h...	1B
Suspecting that students were using narcotics, the president of a private college arranged for local police to place concealed microphones in several suites of the dormitory. Using these microphones, the college security officers recorded a conversation in which Green, a student, offered to sell marijuana to another st...	[ "denied, because the college president, in loco parentis, had the responsibility of preventing unlawful activity by students under the president's supervision. ", "denied, because there was probable cause to make the search and police obtained a warrant before commencing the search. ", "granted, because Green's...	2C
Tom had a heart ailment so serious that his doctors had concluded that only a heart transplant could save his life. They therefore arranged to have him flown to Big City to have the operation performed. Dan, Tom's nephew, who stood to inherit from him, poisoned him. The poison produced a reaction which required postpon...	[ "guilty.", "not guilty, because his act did not hasten the deceased's death, but instead prolonged it by one day. ", "not guilty, because the deceased was already suffering from a fatal illness. ", "not guilty, because the poison was not the sole cause of deat" ]	0A
In which of the following situations is Defendant most likely to be not guilty of the charge made?	[ "Police arrested Thief and recovered goods he had stolen. At the direction of the police, Thief took the goods to Defendant. Defendant, believing the goods to be stolen, purchased them. Defendant is charged with attempting to receive stolen property. ", "Defendant misrepresented his identity to secure a loan from...	2C
Potts sued Dobbs on a product liability claim. Louis testified for Potts. On cross-examination, which of the following questions is the trial judge most likely to rule improper?	[ "\"Isn't it a fact that you are Potts' close friend?\" ", "\"Isn't it true that you are known in the community as Louie the Lush' because of your addiction to alcohol?\" ", "\"Didn't you fail to report some income on your tax return last year?\" ", "\"Weren't you convicted, seven years ago in this court, o...	1B
In an action to recover for personal injuries arising out of an automobile accident, Plaintiff calls Bystander to testify. Claiming the privilege against self-incrimination, Bystander refuses to answer a question as to whether she was at the scene of the accident. Plaintiff moves that Bystander be ordered to answer the...	[ "the judge is convinced that she will incriminate herself.", "there is clear and convincing evidence that she will incriminate herself.", "there is a preponderance of evidence that she will incriminate herself.", "the judge believes that there is some reasonable possibility that she will incriminate herself" ...	3D
Blackacre is a three-acre tract of land with a small residence. Olga, the owner of Blackacre, rented it to Terrence at a monthly rental of $200. After Terrence had been in possession of Blackacre for several years, Terrence and Olga orally agreed that Terrence would purchase Blackacre from Olga for the sum of $24,000, ...	[ "nothing Terrence could have done would have overcome the original absence of a written agreement.", "the actions and payments of Terrence are as consistent with his being a tenant as with an oral contract.", "Terrence did not secure Olga's approval for the improvements that he made.", "Olga has not received ...	1B
During 1976 a series of arsons, one of which damaged the Humongous Store, occurred in the City of Swelter. In early 1977 Swelter's City Council adopted this resolution: The City will pay $10,000 for the arrest and conviction of anyone guilty of any of the 1976 arsons committed here. The foregoing was telecast by the ci...	[ "Only by an offeree's return promise to make a reasonable effort to bring about the arrest and conviction of an arsonist within the scope of the offer.", "Only by an offeree's making the arrest and assisting in the successful conviction of an arsonist within the scope of the offer.", "By an offeree's supplying ...	2C
During 1976 a series of arsons, one of which damaged the Humongous Store, occurred in the City of Swelter. In early 1977 Swelter's City Council adopted this resolution: The City will pay $10,000 for the arrest and conviction of anyone guilty of any of the 1976 arsons committed here. The foregoing was telecast by the ci...	[ "by lapse of time, on December 31 of the year in which it was made. ", "not by lapse of time, but only by effective revocation. ", "not by revocation, but only by lapse of a reasonable time. ", "either by lapse of a reasonable time or earlier by effective revocatio" ]	3D
During 1976 a series of arsons, one of which damaged the Humongous Store, occurred in the City of Swelter. In early 1977 Swelter's City Council adopted this resolution: The City will pay $10,000 for the arrest and conviction of anyone guilty of any of the 1976 arsons committed here. The foregoing was telecast by the ci...	[ "by publication in the legal notices of a local newspaper.", "in the same manner as made, i.e., by local telecast at least once daily for one week. ", "in the same manner as made or by a comparable medium and frequency of publicity.", "by notice mailed to all residents of the city and all other reasonably ide...	2C
During 1976 a series of arsons, one of which damaged the Humongous Store, occurred in the City of Swelter. In early 1977 Swelter's City Council adopted this resolution: The City will pay $10,000 for the arrest and conviction of anyone guilty of any of the 1976 arsons committed here. The foregoing was telecast by the ci...	[ "A unilateral offer of employment by Humongous which became irrevocable for a reasonable number of days after Gimlet commenced his investigation of the store's arson.", "An employment for compensation subject to a condition precedent that Gimlet succeed in his investigation.", "A series of daily bilateral contr...	3D
During 1976 a series of arsons, one of which damaged the Humongous Store, occurred in the City of Swelter. In early 1977 Swelter's City Council adopted this resolution: The City will pay $10,000 for the arrest and conviction of anyone guilty of any of the 1976 arsons committed here. The foregoing was telecast by the ci...	[ "The city was benefited as a result of Gimlet's services.", "The city's offer was in the nature of a bounty, so that the elements of contract are not essential to the city's liability. ", "The fact that the city attempted to revoke its offer only a few months after making it demonstrated that the attempted revo...	1B
Husband and Wife, walking on a country road, were frightened by a bull running loose on the road. They climbed over a fence to get onto the adjacent property, owned by Grower. After climbing over the fence, Husband and Wife damaged some of Grower's plants which were near the fence. The fence was posted with a large sig...	[ "Yes, because Grower intended that the dog frighten Wife. ", "Yes, because the breaking of the leash establishes liability under res ipsa loquitur. ", "No, because Wife made an unauthorized entry on Grower's land. ", "No, because Grower did not intend to cause any harmful contact with Wife" ]	0A
Husband and Wife, walking on a country road, were frightened by a bull running loose on the road. They climbed over a fence to get onto the adjacent property, owned by Grower. After climbing over the fence, Husband and Wife damaged some of Grower's plants which were near the fence. The fence was posted with a large sig...	[ "Yes, because the landowner did not have a privilege to use excessive force. ", "Yes, if Husband reasonably believed that the dog might bite him. ", "No, if the dog did not come in contact with him. ", "No, if Grower was trying to protect his" ]	1B
Husband and Wife, walking on a country road, were frightened by a bull running loose on the road. They climbed over a fence to get onto the adjacent property, owned by Grower. After climbing over the fence, Husband and Wife damaged some of Grower's plants which were near the fence. The fence was posted with a large sig...	[ "Yes, because Wife and Husband entered on his land without permission. ", "Yes, because Grower had posted his property with a \"No Trespassing\" sign. ", "No, because Wife and Husband were confronted by an emergency situation. ", "No, because Grower used excessive force toward Wife and Husban" ]	0A
Ben was the illegitimate, unacknowledged child of Fred. Fred died intestate, leaving neither spouse nor any children other than Ben. The state's law of intestate succession provides that an unacknowledged illegitimate child may not inherit his father's property. The spouse, all other blood relations, and the state are ...	[ "there is no rational basis for preferring as heirs collateral relatives and even the state over unacknowledged children, and therefore the law violates the equal protection clause. ", "he has been deprived of property without due process because his fundamental right to inherit has been compromised without a com...	0A
Ben was the illegitimate, unacknowledged child of Fred. Fred died intestate, leaving neither spouse nor any children other than Ben. The state's law of intestate succession provides that an unacknowledged illegitimate child may not inherit his father's property. The spouse, all other blood relations, and the state are ...	[ "the authority of a state over the disposition of decedents' property located in the state is not affected by the Constitution of the United States", "a statute prescribing the means of disposing of the property of intestate decedents does not constitute invidious discrimination.", "inheritance under intestate ...	3D
Alice conveyed Twinoaks Farm "to Barbara, her heirs and assigns, so long as the premises are used for residential and farm purposes, then to Charles and his heirs and assigns." The jurisdiction in which Twinoaks Farm is located has adopted the common law Rule Against Perpetuities unmodified by statute. As a consequence...	[ "nothing.", "a possibility of reverter.", "a right of entry for condition broken.", "a reversion in fee simple absolute" ]	1B
Lawnacre was conveyed to Celeste and Donald by a deed which, in the jurisdiction in which Lawnacre is situated, created a cotenancy in equal shares and with the right of survivorship. The jurisdiction has no statute directly applicable to any of the problems posed. Celeste, by deed, conveyed "my undivided onehalf inter...	[ "prevail, because he is the sole owner of Lawnacre. ", "prevail if, but only if, the cotenancy created in Celeste and Donald was a tenancy by the entirety. ", "not prevail if he had knowledge of the conveyance prior to Celeste's death.", "not prevail, because Paul and Donald own Lawnacre as tenants in common....	1B

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Dataset Card for MMLU

Dataset Summary

Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding by Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt (ICLR 2021).

This is a massive multitask test consisting of multiple-choice questions from various branches of knowledge. The test spans subjects in the humanities, social sciences, hard sciences, and other areas that are important for some people to learn. This covers 57 tasks including elementary mathematics, US history, computer science, law, and more. To attain high accuracy on this test, models must possess extensive world knowledge and problem solving ability.

A complete list of tasks: ['abstract_algebra', 'anatomy', 'astronomy', 'business_ethics', 'clinical_knowledge', 'college_biology', 'college_chemistry', 'college_computer_science', 'college_mathematics', 'college_medicine', 'college_physics', 'computer_security', 'conceptual_physics', 'econometrics', 'electrical_engineering', 'elementary_mathematics', 'formal_logic', 'global_facts', 'high_school_biology', 'high_school_chemistry', 'high_school_computer_science', 'high_school_european_history', 'high_school_geography', 'high_school_government_and_politics', 'high_school_macroeconomics', 'high_school_mathematics', 'high_school_microeconomics', 'high_school_physics', 'high_school_psychology', 'high_school_statistics', 'high_school_us_history', 'high_school_world_history', 'human_aging', 'human_sexuality', 'international_law', 'jurisprudence', 'logical_fallacies', 'machine_learning', 'management', 'marketing', 'medical_genetics', 'miscellaneous', 'moral_disputes', 'moral_scenarios', 'nutrition', 'philosophy', 'prehistory', 'professional_accounting', 'professional_law', 'professional_medicine', 'professional_psychology', 'public_relations', 'security_studies', 'sociology', 'us_foreign_policy', 'virology', 'world_religions']

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

Model	Authors	Humanities	Social Science	STEM	Other	Average
UnifiedQA	Khashabi et al., 2020	45.6	56.6	40.2	54.6	48.9
GPT-3 (few-shot)	Brown et al., 2020	40.8	50.4	36.7	48.8	43.9
GPT-2	Radford et al., 2019	32.8	33.3	30.2	33.1	32.4
Random Baseline	N/A	25.0	25.0	25.0	25.0	25.0

Languages

English

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

An example from anatomy subtask looks as follows:

{
  "question": "What is the embryological origin of the hyoid bone?",
  "choices": ["The first pharyngeal arch", "The first and second pharyngeal arches", "The second pharyngeal arch", "The second and third pharyngeal arches"],
  "answer": "D"
}

Data Fields

question: a string feature
choices: a list of 4 string features
answer: a ClassLabel feature

Data Splits

auxiliary_train: auxiliary multiple-choice training questions from ARC, MC_TEST, OBQA, RACE, etc.
dev: 5 examples per subtask, meant for few-shot setting
test: there are at least 100 examples per subtask

	auxiliary_train	dev	val	test
TOTAL	99842	285	1531	14042

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

Transformer models have driven this recent progress by pretraining on massive text corpora, including all of Wikipedia, thousands of books, and numerous websites. These models consequently see extensive information about specialized topics, most of which is not assessed by existing NLP benchmarks. To bridge the gap between the wide-ranging knowledge that models see during pretraining and the existing measures of success, we introduce a new benchmark for assessing models across a diverse set of subjects that humans learn.

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[More Information Needed]

Who are the source language producers?

[More Information Needed]

Annotations

Annotation process

[More Information Needed]

Who are the annotators?

[More Information Needed]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[More Information Needed]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[More Information Needed]

Discussion of Biases

[More Information Needed]

Other Known Limitations

[More Information Needed]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[More Information Needed]

Licensing Information

MIT License

Citation Information

If you find this useful in your research, please consider citing the test and also the ETHICS dataset it draws from:

    @article{hendryckstest2021,
      title={Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding},
      author={Dan Hendrycks and Collin Burns and Steven Basart and Andy Zou and Mantas Mazeika and Dawn Song and Jacob Steinhardt},
      journal={Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
      year={2021}
    }

    @article{hendrycks2021ethics,
      title={Aligning AI With Shared Human Values},
      author={Dan Hendrycks and Collin Burns and Steven Basart and Andrew Critch and Jerry Li and Dawn Song and Jacob Steinhardt},
      journal={Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
      year={2021}
    }

Contributions

Thanks to @andyzoujm for adding this dataset.

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